Track 1.5 and Track 2 dialogues have long been a mechanism for exchange on issues of common concern between nations. They can foster trust and increase mutual understanding among participants, as well as help formulate and refine policy solutions. During the Cold War, the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, held regularly since 1957, served as a pivotal venue for reducing nuclear risks – an effort for which the organization and its longtime leader Joseph Rotblat received the
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